Determining The Gender Of A Person - 1565 Words

When a child is born, the parent places an imaginary label on the child that defines them as either male or female, not really anything in between. The parents determine the gender of the child based in their anatomy and disregard everything else that can happen during their child’s life that can be a negative experience for them. Gender is not something that can be easily identified by someone since there are a number of different factors that are taken into place in the determination of one’s gender. Gender is defined as the state of being either male or female, but it doesn t say how the person s gender is determined or by who. I believe that although there are many factors that can identify one s gender, it is ultimately what an individual personally identifies themselves as and not what others identify them as. A person can identify themselves as a man or woman, or whatever gender they wish that they feel comfortable as. Some of the factors that I believe can deter mine the gender of a person are partly chromosomes and most importantly personal choice. I do not believe that physical appearance determines the gender of an individual because of many factors. Chromosomes are one way in which an individual can somewhat determine gender. The way in which gender can be determined by chromosomes happens before the baby is born and is often chosen by the doctor who tells the parents their baby’s gender. Before birth, one can identify if the baby is going to be a girl or aShow MoreRelatedGender Is The Definition Of Gender1345 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 29, 2015 What is Gender? The definition of gender depends on the time period. The basic and historically accepted version of the definition of gender is the state of being either male or female, masculine or feminine, or simply a man or woman. 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But how do we know which in which environment to use the different terms? To what extent do you differentiate sex and gender? Until recent years gender and sex were used in the same context. Sex as defined by the dictionary is: â€Å"either of the two forms of individuals that occurs in many species and that are distinguished respectively as female or male especially on the basis of their reproductiveRead More Risk Assessments Within T he Criminal Justice System Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesand more reliance on the more static historically based instrument may be indicated.† (MILLS KRONER, P. 155) Meaning that prior records cannot change, they are a static dynamic and will be looked with more emphasis than the risk assessment when determining to release the offender. When offenders are released into society there is a prediction made about reoffending. Predictions in the negative will be thought to not commit a crime in the future. 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While randomization is evident within the first set of responses to the first part of the experimentation, it could be understood how evidently effective the whole concept is particularly in dictating what specific thought is used by each participant in creating a more informed decision on what choices each person picks. ​The score for correctness is also carried

The Classical Style Of The Ancient Greece And The United...

Neo- Classicism in France and the United States The classical style of the ancient Athens, derived from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome in the 15th century, has had a universal impact on many cultures during previous time periods. The classical period reflected traditional forms focused on symmetry and elegance; it flourished during the time of the Renaissance through artist such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo De Vinci. The artists’ main goal was to attain the absolute beauty in their art by showing emotion through detail, almost through perfection. Some examples of well-known classical arts during the Renaissance were ‘Belvedere Torso’ and the ‘Medici Venus’. In the 17th century the classical style was revived, now called the neo-classical style. It was born in Rome but its popularity flourished all over Europe. The neo-classical movement clashed with the age of Enlightment and continued through the 19th century. The neo-classical principles were based around the same characteristics as t he classical arts such as: balance, proportion, order, simplicity, clarity, and reason. It was strongest in architect, sculpture, and decorative arts. The neo- classical style continued to spread throughout the world and became sought after in the 17th and 18th century in countries such as France and The United States, and it influenced some of the greatest government buildings in America. Neoclassicism can be seen as a political movement as well as an artistic and cultural one.Show MoreRelated Classical Architecture Essay595 Words   |  3 PagesClassical Architecture The West has always put a great emphasis on how beholden it is to many cultural and political institutions derived from Classical Antiquity. This has been most consistent in aesthetic conceptions of art and architecture. 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One constant in both cultures was their pursuit of perfection in their art and architecture. This paper will examine this pursuit of perfection in both cultures and how their impact is felt in the modern age. One of the mostRead MoreThe Greek s Victory Over Persia989 Words   |  4 Pagesonly an era, but of cultural expansion that continues to impact our modern day society. The accomplishments and endeavors of the Ancient Greeks, both visible, such as arts and architecture, as well as intellectually in areas such as philosophy, science and government continue to influence the world today. Many or none of these influential elements of Ancient Greece would have come to fruition in such a†¦. way if the Greeks had not defeated the Persians. The freedom to think and expand providedRead MoreGreece And Rome : Models For The U.s. 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We have change some things in the alphabet of course like there is no â€Å"J† in the Roman alphabet, but there is in the American alphabet. A lot of our language comes from Rome and Greece. The founding fathers could read both Latin andRead MoreAn Architect, Former U.s. President Of The National Architecture Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagesnotable structures include Monticello (his home), Poplar Forest which was his retreat, the University of Virginia which he founded as well as other homes which he designed for his political allies and friends, a good example being Barboursville. His style gained popularity in the early American period. Similarly, it was during the same time that the more conventional Greek Revival architecture was gaining popularity with his help. 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Luckily there is a magnificent building right down the road from me called the United States Capitol Building. I feel like I am back at home in Rome when I s ee such a building! The people of this strange land say this building houses the government of their country. I find this hard to believe. A building as large, and as grand as this

Avian Symbolism In The Awakening Essay Research free essay sample

Avian Symbolism In The Awakening Essay, Research Paper Avian Symbolism in The Awakening Kate Chopin systematically uses avian symbolism in the novel The Awakening to stand for and Enlighten Edna Pontellier. She begins the novel with the image of a caged bird and throughout the narrative other birds and avian images appear stand foring freedom, failure, and picks that Edna, the narrative? s chief character, must do. Throughout The Awakening Chopin uses flight and descriptions of birds to show the psychological province of head of her chief character, Edna Pontellier. As the narrative begins we are instantly introduces to the importance of avian symbolism. The first spoken sentences of the novel, are oddly plenty, squawked by a parrot instead than a chief character or some other human. # 8220 ; Allez vous-en! Allez vous-en! Sapristi! That? s all right! # 8221 ; ( Chopin 3 ) are the words yelled by this crazed, caged bird. # 8220 ; Go off! Travel off! For heaven? s interest! # 8221 ; is the interlingual rendition of this message into English. We will write a custom essay sample on Avian Symbolism In The Awakening Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This message represents the forbidden and tabu ideas rushing through the head of Edna Pontellier during her post-awakening period. Edna longs to go forth her subservient function as the loving, submissive married woman and female parent that society forces on her. She longs for something more exciting, something of her ain choosing and free will. These lines are echoed once more instantly anterior to her waking up. While the twins are one time once more playing the same vocals on the piano the parrot scream, ? Allez vous-en! Sapristi! . ? This is the concluding warning that the parrot relays to Edna. Edna should hold listened to the parrot? s message and escaped from her disappointing life instantly. Yet, she chose non to mind his warning and she was destined to stop her life in order to be free. In add-on to the parrot? s message, the image of this hostile, shrilling bird is a symbol in and of itself. For like the parrot, Edna is besides trapped, non behind the bars of a coop, but by the criterions of society and the function that has been appointed to her as a adult female. In the same manner that the parrot can non liberate himself of his coop, Edna can non of all time to the full break free of the restrictions that society has placed on her as a adult female, married woman, and mother. Although she makes a witting attempt to divide herself from the people who are keeping her dorsum and interruption free of the boundaries that society has set upon her, she can neer to the full win in fulfilling her hungriness to populate her ain life. The following illustration of the avian imagination in The Awakening comes in the signifier of a handsome, immature smoothie named Alcee Arobin. Although on first glimpse he does non look to be of or related to birds, upon closer scrutiny we see that his last name syllabicated easy is marked # 8220 ; a # 8211 ; robin # 8221 ; . This bird, ? the forerunner of spring? , is able to wing freely and live in close propinquity to worlds. Arobin matches this description, for he, as his name implies, flies freely through society and as his repute suggests becomes near with many adult females. True, with # 8221 ; # 8230 ; artless candor he spoke of what a wicked, undisciplined male child he had been. # 8221 ; ( 78 ) and to Edna he, # 8220 ; talked in a manner that astonished her at first and brought ruby to her face # 8221 ; ( 80 ) . Furthermore, he has no declinations or concerns when he pursues a relationship with Edna, a married adult female. Alcee Arobin is a adult male who soars t hrough life with no attentions at all. He is known for H is chases with adult females and is really straightforward when seeking to acquire what he wants. Clearly he disregards the limitations and? regulations? that society has set up. Edna sees these qualities as admirable and longs to hold them so that she excessively will be able to wing freely through life without limitations and a coop to lock her up interior. The advice, given to Edna by the cryptic Mademoiselle Reisz besides falls into the form of avian imagination to stand for a deeper significance for the novel? s chief character, Edna Pontellier. Mademoiselle Reisz says that, # 8220 ; The bird that would surge above the degree of apparent tradition and bias must hold strong wings. It is a sad spectacle to see the doormats bruised, exhausted, fliting back to Earth # 8221 ; ( 85 ) . Though Edna does neer truly understands the message behind Mademoiselle Reisz? s warning, the reader realizes that if Edna is determined to interrupt through the stereotype of the submissive, small adult female of her clip, and to interrupt free as herself in society, she must hold strength in order to win. When Edna attempts to derive her freedom she moves into a small house around the corner from her larger more epicurean house in which she is trapped by her household and the criterions that have been set upon her by the society around her. Not coincidently she names the house the? pigeon house. ? Edna felt that, ? The pigeon house pleased her. It at one time assumed the intimate character of a place, while she herself invested it with a appeal, which it reflected like a warm freshness. There was with her a feeling of holding descended in the societal graduated table, with a corresponding sense of holding risen in the religious. Every measure which she took toward alleviating herself from the duties added to her strength and enlargement as an person. She began to look with her ain eyes ; to see and to grok the deeper undertones of life. No thirster was she content to? feed upon sentiment? when her ain psyche had invited her. ? This house was the big measure that she took toward self-fulfillment and felicity. It seemed to be the lone thing that was every genuinely her ain. Once once more the image of birds is used to liberate her and to stand for her transition into a new life. At the tragic decision the presence of birds are one time once more really evident. Prior to Edna? s self-destruction, she notices that, # 8220 ; a bird with a broken wing was crushing the air above, fliting, circling disabled down, down to the H2O # 8221 ; ( 116 ) . The hurt bird being injured and weak dips into the H2O typifying Edna? s failure to get away the boundaries and restrictions in her function as a adult female. Edna shortly follows the bird into the deepnesss of the ocean, stoping her life and liberating herself of the lunacy that was environing her. Therefore, with consistent mentions to birds and flight, Kate Chopin? s trapped character meets her fate While she is unable to mind the advice of the parrot, non ready to follow the loveless, amoral way of Arobin and the work forces that she is certain will follow him, and merely half-understanding the message of Mademoiselle Reisz, in her decease she eventually becomes a free adult female. As she waded into the cold ocean H2O at the novel? s terminal, Edna Pontellier was # 8220 ; winging free # 8221 ; to her decease. 3cf Chopin, Kate. ? The Awakening. ? The Awakening and Other Stories. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1995. 3? 117.

The Relationship Between Cultural Issues and Management an Example by

The Relationship Between Cultural Issues and Management Today, after decades of expanding opportunity to all citizens brought by the most influential phenomenon in human history called globalization, modern organizations are applying the lessons learned, to the task of meeting the new and growing needs of business, as well as of the larger society (Goleman, 2001). Need essay sample on "The Relationship Between Cultural Issues and Management" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Globalization is not necessarily a catalyst of homogenization or customization but is a dynamic impetus, which conceives diversity and miscellany within the multicultural world. The difference is the only thing that is constantly on the move in that the minorities are becoming the majority. Multicultural and intergenerational economics is permeating every mainstream zone of the society, and no capitalist can manage to discount the drift (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 1999). The Asian, African-American and Hispanic, old and young, or male and female populations have a shared purchasing power exceeding a trillion dollars and minority populations are in no time growing to be the majority segment in the mass markets of these organizations (Harris and Moran, 1979). A company that incorporates cultural diversity into their work culture is a multicultural company. A multicultural organization is marked by the full structural integration of women and people of color. Women and minorities are proportionally represented at all levels of an organization and in all work groups. A multicultural organization is also marked by full informal integration. That is, people of color and women are not excluded from social activities or from mentoring and other developmental processes. A multicultural organization is also marked by an absence of discrimination, low levels of intergroup conflict, and high levels of organizational identification for all gender and ethnic groups (Cox, 1991). The challenges of globalization and laws shaping the business sector drawing in corporate social responsibility and good corporate citizenship have shifted as political and social climates have changed in New York, the United States, and around the world. People are already protected against discrimination on the grounds of sex, race, disability and gender reassignment. Since December 2003, it has been unlawful to discriminate against workers because of their sexual orientation, whether they are bisexual, lesbian, gay or heterosexual. Religious organizations are exempted from these new rules. Separate regulations to protect people from discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief have also been introduced. The regulations should be a real boost for people who used to feel sidelined or bullied because of some political or demographic factors. In practice, workers could challenge their bosses if they feel they have been denied a job or promotion because of their sexual orientation. They could also seek redress for unwelcome and hurtful comments about their sexuality. This can also include comments made about a family member (Burk, 2000). Perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of a multicultural organization, though, is the form of acculturation used. There are three processes through which disparities between the dominant culture and minority cultures can be treated. The first of these, assimilation, is a unilateral process by which minority culture members adopt the norms and values of the dominant group in the organization (Cox, 1991). The second, cultural separatism, is a situation where there is little adaptation on either side. Finally, pluralism is a process by which both minority and majority culture members adopt some norms of the other group. Perhaps, the pluralistic form of acculturation is the defining feature of a multicultural organization. It is only through pluralism that members of any organization can come to understand and truly value cultural and gender diversity (Cox, 1991). Arguments for increased creativity and enhanced problem solving through diversity both rest on the contention that a diversity of employees will translate into a diversity of viewpoints. That is, men and women from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds will bring ideas to the organization that would not be available from a homogeneous workforce of white males. Communication theorists found that innovative companies employed more women and people of color than less innovative companies. Innovative companies also worked to establish heterogeneous work teams in order to create a marketplace of ideas, recognizing that a multiplicity of points of view needs to be brought to bear on a problem (Blake, 1991). To get to its true aptitude, a company must construct a business that treasures individual differences. Their focal point is on generating an all-encompassing workplace where they attach importance to and preserve employees and bring their best service to customers and communities (Cox, 1991). Diversity at any company must be a "company rule" Bringing into line with their consumer base, connecting with their external and internal, and drawing and keeping capable individuals are essential to their success (Sawyer, 1979). Therefore, as a company rule, the company is obligated to being an wide-ranging business where every employee is regarded impartially, distinguished for their uniqueness, promoted based on accomplishment and heartened to reach their full capability (Cox, 1991). The company upholds appreciating, valuing, and acknowledging disproportion among all people. Every individual at a multinational company has a continuing duty to elevate diversity (Sawyer, 1979). Managing these culturally diverse groups poses communicative challenges, however. The advantages of diversity take time and effort. Specifically, when first formed, diverse groups are inferior to homogeneous groups in both performance and in managing the process of group interaction. However, over time, the diverse groups developed communicative strategies for managing diversity and eventually generated a wider range of alternatives and perspectives on a problem than homogeneous groups. Thus, in order to reap the benefits of diversity, group members should be made aware of their cultural differences and should share core organizational values. The need for heterogeneity, to promote, problem-solving and innovation, must be balanced with the need for organizational coherence and unity of action (Roberts, et al., 1998). With this reassuring culture, concerned managers and employees view diversity as a challenge and an opportunity rather than as a problem that must be dealt with (Sawyer, 1979). There is the end of ensuring an educated workforce, eliminating discrimination, a bias-free human resources system, and work options that ease the conflict between job and family. In actual fact, the challenges of managing and working in culturally diverse organizations are only beginning to be realized. There are four main challenges that organizations face as the workplace becomes diverse. The first of these is instituting diversity management programs in ways that avoid negative consequences that have been associated with these programs. The second is circumventing or resolving discrimination. The other two challenges are associated with gender diversity: the challenges of dealing with sexual harassment and organizational romance in the workplace (Blake, 1991). Affirmative action programs can affect how an individual benefiting from the program views his or her competence, and this self-view of competence can in turn impact work behavior and communication. Second, affirmative actions lead others in the workplace to stigmatize as incompetent individuals can benefit from these programs. Third, individuals who feel they have been unfairly bypassed by affirmative action programs perceive injustice in hiring and promotion procedures (Blake, 1991). In the corporate setting, it is likely job discrimination that is zeroed in on. It is an unfavorable action brought against a person because of a characteristic unrelated to job performance. Job discrimination is a major aspect of unfairness. Being fair to people means equity, reciprocity, and impartiality. Fairness revolves around the issue of giving people equal rewards for accomplishing equal amounts of work. The goal of human resource legislation is to make decisions about people based on their qualifications and performance; not on the basis of demographic factors such as sex, race, or age. A fair working environment is where performance is the only factor that counts (equity). Employer-employee expectations must be understood and met (reciprocity). Prejudice and bias must be eliminated (impartiality) (Blake, 1991). Organizational change, technological innovations, and commitment to diversity are some of the factors influencing the management functions of a multinational business (Sawyer, 1979). There is such an immense significance of and accompanying suite of responsibilities for being a multinational corporation composed of culturally diverse employees. Multinational corporations become obliged to handle diversity well in hopes of creating cost advantages over matters of integrating workers with known individual differences (Sawyer, 1979). They also aim to develop a reputation as prospective employers for women and ethnic minorities. After all, those with the best reputations for managing diversity win the competition for the best personnel. The multinational companies now understand that as the labor pool shrinks and changes composition, this edge will become increasingly important (Sawyer, 1979). For them, the insight and cultural sensitivity that members with roots in other countries bring to the marketing effort improves that effort in important ways. The same rationale applies to marketing in subpopulations within their domestic operations. Such multinational companies simply believe that diversity of perspectives and less emphasis on conformity to norms of the past, which characterize the modern approach to management of diversity, should improve their level of creativity (Blake, 1991). Lung-Tan Lu and Yuan-Ho Lee (2005), in their book The Effects of Culture on the Management Style and Performance of International Joint Ventures in China: The Perspective of Foreign Parent Firms, International Journal of Management, cited some multinational organizations that developed some sort of a corporate diversity council, which embraces a slice of individuals from across the company. The objective of the assembly is to adapt the principle of what they think the company endorses into strategies that guarantee that the ideal grows to be realized (Sawyer, 1979). The council's strategic plan holds up their supplier diversity priorities, customer rapport, and employee commitment. Heterogeneity in decision-making and problem-solving groups hence potentially produces better choices through a wider range of perspectives and more critical analysis of issues (Blake, 1991). This way, the multinational corporation's system becomes less determinant, less standardized, and therefore more fluid. This increased fluidity creates greater flexibility to react to environmental changes the multinational company is constantly in front of and will always be if their merger history is any indication (Sawyer, 1979). Certainly, the management of diversity involves both attitude and action (Blake, 1991). Managers and employees must view diversity as a challenge and an opportunity rather than as a problem that must be dealt with, and must become knowledgeable about the needs and contributions of diverse organizational members. Specific action must also be taken to ensure an educated workforce, the elimination of discrimination, a bias-free human resources system, and work options that ease the conflict between job and family. Managing different national and ethnic cultures requires an adjustment of the organizational culture (Haner, 1973). In terms of leadership, top management must have a true commitment to diversity, and such must go beyond sloganism and rather include the commitment of human, financial, and technical resources. Employees must receive both awareness and skill-building training. Research should be conducted to identify problem areas in the organizational culture and build appropriate educational. Finally, the culture of the organization must be audited to reveal ways in which diverse members could be hampered by current organizational values (Ireland and Hitt, 1999). There are a number of opportunities that the any organizations can realize as they move toward the multicultural model. First, as organizations become more diverse, the cost of a poor job in integrating workers will increase. Companies who handle diversity well will create cost advantages over those that do not. Second, Companies develop reputations as prospective employers for women and ethnic minorities. Those with the best reputations for managing diversity will win the competition for the best personnel. As the labor pool shrinks and changes composition, this edge will become increasingly important. Third, for multicultural organizations, the insight and cultural sensitivity that members with roots in other countries bring to the marketing effort should improve that effort in important ways. The same rationale applies to marketing in subpopulations within domestic operations. Fourth, diversity of perspectives and less emphasis on conformity to norms of the past, which characterize the modern approach to management of diversity, should improve the level of creativity. Fifth, heterogeneity in decision-making and problem-solving groups potentially produces better choices through a wide range of perspectives and more critical analysis of issues. And sixth, an implication of the multicultural model for managing diversity is that the system will become less determinant, less standardized, and therefore more fluid. The increased fluidity should create greater flexibility to react to environmental changes (Cox, 1991). References Aaker, David A. and Joachimsthaler, Erich. (1999). T he Lure Of Global Branding. Harvard Business Review. Blake, S. (1991). "Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for Organizational Effectiveness" Academy of Management Executive. New York: Bantam Books. Burk, Martha. (2000). Cult of Power: Sex Discrimination in Corporate America and What Can Be Done About It. Utah: Beacon Press. Cox, T. (1991). The Multicultural Organization. New York: The Popular Press. Goleman, Daniel. (2001). Business: The Ultimate Resource. Maine: Perseus Publishing. Haner, F.T. (1973). Multinational Management. Ohio: Merrill. Harris, Philip R. and Moran, Robert T. (1979). Managing Cultural Differences. Texas: Gulf Publishing. Ireland, Duane R. and Hitt, Michael A. (1999). "Achieving And Maintaining Strategic Competitiveness In The 21st Century: The Role Of Strategic Leadership" The Academy of Management Executive. Lu, Lung-Tan and Lee, Yuan-Ho. (2005). The Effects of Culture on the Management Style and Performance of International Joint Ventures in China: The Perspective of Foreign Parent Firms, International Journal of Management, 22 (3) pp.452-462. Roberts, K. Kossek, Ellen E. and Ozeki, C. (1998). "Managing The Global Workforce: Challenges And Strategies" Academy of Management Executive. Sawyer, George. (1979). Business and Society: Managing Corporate Social Impact. Boston Houghton Mifflin Publishing.

Java Identifier Definition and Examples

Java Identifier Definition and Examples A Java identifier is a name given to a package, class, interface, method, or variable. It allows a programmer to refer to the item from other places in the program. To make the most out of the identifiers you choose, make them meaningful and follow the standard Java naming conventions. Examples of Java Identifiers If you have variables that hold the name, height, and weight of a person, then choose identifiers that make their purpose obvious: String name Homer Jay Simpson; int weight 300; double height 6; System.out.printf(My name is %s, my height is %.0f foot and my weight is %d pounds. Doh!%n, name, height, weight); This to Remember About Java Identifiers Since there are some strict syntax, or grammatical rules when it comes to Java identifiers (dont worry, they arent hard to understand), make sure youre aware of these dos and dont: Reserved words  like class, continue, void, else, and if cannot be used.Java letters is the term given to the acceptable letters that can be used for an identifier. This includes not only regular alphabet letters but also symbols, which just includes, without exception, the underscore (_) and dollar sign ($).Java digits include the numbers 0-9.An identifier can begin with a letter, dollar sign, or underscore, but not a digit. However, its important to realize that digits  can  be used so long as they exist after the first character, like e8xmpleJava letters and digits can be anything from the Unicode character set, which means characters in Chinese, Japanese, and other languages can be used.Spaces are not acceptable, so an underscore can be used instead.The length does not matter, so you can have a really long identifier if you choose.A compile-time error will occur if the identifier uses the same spelling as a keyword, the null literal, or boolean literal.Since the list of SQL keywords may, at some point in the future, include other SQL words (and identifiers cant be spelled the same as a keyword), its usually not recommended that you use an SQL keyword as an identifier. Its recommended to use identifiers that are related to their values so theyre easier to remember.Variables are case-sensitive, which means myvalue does not mean the same as MyValue Note:  If youre in a hurry, just take away the fact that an identifier is one or more characters that come from the pool of numbers, letters, the underscore, and the dollar sign, and that the first character must never be a number. Following the rules above, these identifiers would be considered legal: _variablename_3variable$testvariableVariableTestvariabletestthis_is_a_variable_name_that_is_long_but_still_valid_because_of_the_underscoresmax_value Here are some examples of identifiers that are not valid because they disobey the rules mentioned above: 8example(this starts off with a digit)exaple (the plus sign isnt allowed)variable test (spaces are not valid)this_long_variable_name_is_not_valid_because_of_this-hyphen(while the underscores are acceptable like in the example from above, even the one hyphen in this identifier renders it invalid)

The Powerful Praetor Roman Magistrate

The Powerful Praetor Roman Magistrate A praetor was one of the greater Roman magistrates with imperium or legal power. They led armies, presided in law courts, and administered the law. Judging matters between citizens was the job of one specific magistrate, the praetor urbanus (city praetor). Since he was in charge of the city, he was only allowed to leave the city for a period of up to 10 days. For matters outside Rome, the praetor peregrinus settled cases among foreigners. Over the years, they added additional praetors to handle matters in the provinces, but originally, there were two praetors. Two more were added in 227 B.C. when Rome annexed Sicily and Sardinia; then, two more were added for Hispania (Spain) in 197 B.C. Later, Sulla and Julius Caesar added even more praetors. Responsibilities A costly responsibility for the praetor was the production of the public games. Running for praetor was part of the cursus honorum. The rank of praetor was second only to the position of consul. Like the consuls, praetors were entitled to sit on the honored sella curulis, the folding curule chair, traditionally made of ivory. Like the other magistracies, a praetor was a member of the senate. Just as there were proconsuls for the period after their year as consuls, so there were also propraetors. Propraetors and proconsuls served as governors of provinces after their terms in office. Roman Magistrates With Imperium Examples: Let the praetor be judge of the law in private actions, with power of passing sentence-he is the proper guardian of civil jurisprudence. Let him have as many colleagues, of equal power, as the senate think necessary, and the commons allow him.Let two magistrates be invested with sovereign authority, and be entitled praetors, judges, or consuls, in respect of presiding, judging, or counselling, according to the nature of the case. Let them have absolute authority over the army, for the safety of the people is the supreme law. This magistracy should not be determined in less than ten years-regulating the duration by the annual law.Cicero De Leg.III Before Sulla added functions, the praetor presided in cases of quaestiones perpetuae, the cases of: repetundaeambitus, majestaspeculatus Sulla added falsum, de sicariis et veneficis, and de parricidis. About half of the candidates for praetor during the last generation of the Republic came from consular families, according to Erich S. Gruen, in The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. The praetor Urbanus P. Licinius Varus fixed the date of the Ludi Apollinaris.

Field Trip # 1 Market Segmentation - Cereal and Toothpast Essay

Field Trip # 1 Market Segmentation - Cereal and Toothpast - Essay Example o Apple Cinnamon Cereal, Total Cereal, Sunbelt Fruit and Nut Granola Cereal, Wheaties Cereals, ShopRite Scrunch Crunchy cereals-16Oz, Fiber One Original Bran Cereal and Erew Rice Twice (Athanassopoulos 15). There are two market segments targeted by the supermarket. They are looking at their customers on two segmentations. The first is done according to demographic such as gender, age, and social class and the second is based on lifestyles such as retired couples, urban professionals, and singles among others. Market segmentation helps the management of the supermarket to identify target customers and to know what motivates them to purchase the cereals. By undertaking market segmentation, it is possible for the supermarket to ensure every single detail of the product, including the size, taste, and price will appeal the target market. The cereals have been strategically positioned over the counter in three levels, the top, middle, and bottom. The lower level cereals are targeted for children, the middle for the youth and other adults, but the top level is strategically poisoned for adults. The store has two-market segmentation strategy that it is using to meet the needs and demands of the clients. The first is geographic segmentation. This is done based on urban, population factor and region. In order to meet the target population the store has a mobile van that takes the products from a house-to-house basis. The second segmentation is demographic segmentation. This is done based on age, sex, gender, and social status. There are several reasons for taking part in the segmentation process. The main reason the store takes this step is to ensure its clients get quality product in the right form and time. For this to be possible, it has segmented the market according to region and urban factor. The other reason is that the Drug Store wishes to meet the preferences and demands of the clients according to their demographics and taste of the product. Both toothpaste

Magnet Designation (Massachusetts General Hospita, Boston) Assignment

Magnet Designation (Massachusetts General Hospita, Boston) - Assignment Example It aims at demonstrating how the â€Å"forces of magnetism’’ required by the American Nurses Credentialing Centre are epitomized and show how the standards set for Magnet Recognition are met. Also, at the end of the paper my stance or personal opinion in regard to the organization discussed will be publicized. The notion of Magnet can be traced back to 1983 when ‘American Academy of Nursing Task Force on Nursing Practice’ personnel carried out a study to determine factors that attracted excellent nurses to continue delivering those excellent healthcare services and it is this that the organizations/hospitals that were studied, 41 were labelled ‘magnet’ hospitals because they retained excellent nurses although there was scarcity of nurses. This was the onset of Magnet Recognition Programme as the Board of Directors at the American Nurses Association permitted Magnet Programme to be managed and run by American Nursing Credentialing Centre (ANNC) in 1990. Massachusetts General Hospital is privileged to have earned Magnetic Status; a certification considered to be the upmost honour in the nursing brilliance. It swanks to have become the first hospital to have earned this (Magnet) status in the United States in 2003.Achieving this was indeed not a single event but an intensive process that involved so many stages. After the application was written and received, a meticulous evaluation was conducted by very conscientious and keen personnel from ANNC in which both written and observed proof to verify that the nursing services offered at the hospital met the standards of excellence at the ANNC. Support documents of about 2600 pages were forwarded to the ANNC; which convinced them to come to make an on-site observation (American, 2004). A team of ANNC evaluators finally came to the hospital and spent three days to examine service delivery, inter-group work relationship, adherence to standards of practice, leadership practice, and certifica tion

China and WTO Essay Example for Free

China and WTO Essay Since 2001 the world has witnessed a rapid growth of China in terms of its economy. With the goods having a â€Å"Made in China† label becoming a frequent part of our lives, China paves its way ever on the road to success. The credit to such a boom in the country’s trade (peculiarly exports) goes to one key factor: Globalization. Cognizant of the World Trade Organization’s potential to let China fully practice Globalization, right after its membership of WTO China marked an instance of global significance. Today with the steps of China gradually turning the uni-polar world into a bi-polar one, the analysts of global trade and economy predict China to soon supplant the United States, wholly on the basis of its tenacious economic stand. Initially, this paper attempts to develop a comprehension of rudimentary concepts pertaining to the World Trade Organization, Globalization and China. The paper further elucidates the major argument by a conscientious analysis of China’s practice of Globalization, accession to WTO, different attitudes about a Globalized China and impacts of its WTO membership not only on the country itself but also on the whole world. Introduction: It is a datum of experience that in the scene of modern existence globalization has emerged as an inevitable process. With its instruments like the World Trade Organization, Globalization has profoundly penetrated into the roots of the modern economic system thereby affecting different nations differently. With WTO and economic globalization being in vogue in the business world, what remains the topic of a controversial debate is the entrance of China into WTO. Previously a member with average participation in the international trade, China has established itself as one of the top most economies of the contemporary world immediately after signing the agreement with WTO in the year 2001. As the concerned year marked a celebration for China, it also proved as a sinister for many other nations that had been dominating the international trade before China’s formal stepping into it. With a multifaceted nature of China’s WTO membership, there remain a number of ambiguities in terms of its corollaries on the world and the country itself. Globalization: Before laying the foundation of the paper’s major argument, it is mandatory to comprehend the concept of globalization. â€Å"Globalization is what happens when the movement of people, goods, or ideas among countries and regions accelerates. † In the contemporary world, all the aspects of life are touched by the ravishing presence of globalization. Once comprehended as a mere economic phenomenon involving the flow of goods and services across borders, the term has transcended to reach the exchange of language, culture and relationships among nations† . According to Suarez in ‘Globalization: Culture and Education in the New Millennium’, the commencement and proliferation of globalization coalesces a series of cycles. Of them, the first cycle began in 1492 ending in the early seventeenth century whereas the second cycle embarked in the late seventeenth century. Globalization is often reckoned as an elusive concept keeping under consideration its dual prospects. This multi faceted view is clear in every aspect of globalization. For instance, international organizations like WHO, UNESCO and UNDP are trying to ameliorate the standard of life across the globe by attempts for eliminating poverty, improving health conditions and providing job opportunities etc. Such steps on the part of globalization provide its positive picture attempting to elevate the nations. On the other hand, the instruments of globalization like multinational companies are exploiting the world labour and have become a major source of collapse of many domestic businesses. Wal-Mart is one of the many examples in this concern. Not only feared by the smaller businesses of Non American countries, the domestic investors suffer the same threat. According to an interview (documented in the article ‘Rediscovering Uncle Sam’ of the book ‘Ambassadors of Peace) with the Mayor of Chestertown, Margo G. Bailey told how she has been fighting the Wal-Mart from entering into the small city of Chestertown for almost a decade because the invasion of Wal-Mart would mean a fiasco for the owners of the small businesses in the locality. This means that if globalization is elevating humans, it is equally abusing them. With the ascending power of globalization in the contemporary world, what becomes the reason of its achievement is three facts. First is the globalization’s role in the amelioration of technology. Twenty first century is considered as the hey day of science, technology and telecommunication. The second reason is the provision of integration of people across borders to get acquainted with the foreign cultures. This has specially marked a boom in tourism industry. Thirdly, the concept of free trade as advocated by globalization has increased the capital flow between nations who are now more interested in global trade without being interfered by the state government. Of many forces of globalization, World Trade Organization is considered its key instrument. World Trade Organization: Formed in 1995, World Trade Organization stands as the only hegemonic power ruling the trade in the international business market. WTO started to informally supplant General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that had been carrying on the same function in the global market since 1947. The working of WTO is based key principles which are available in the form of its written documentation covering almost every kind of activity happening in the international trade. One of these principles is to equally treat all the participating nations in the business market. This means that any policy framed by WTO would be implemented on all the nations alike irrespective of their status in the global market. Another principle of WTO advocates Free Trade which means the elimination of trade barriers like tariffs, regulation or other such measures of protectionism imposed by the government thereby impeding the process of liberal trade or smooth flow of goods and services among the nations. WTO also makes sure the transparency of trade policies by making all the nations cognizant of them through their 2300 paged of agreements providing every term in black and white. In the similar way, the negotiations regarding the policy matters are not made surreptitious thereby making the adjustments open to all the other members too. With a seemingly stringent frame of law, WTO also believes in providing flexibility to the developing countries in order to make their positive contribution possible in the competitive market. According to Article III of ‘Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization’ WTO is responsible for five major functions. These responsibilities involve, 1. Implementation, administration and operation of Multilateral, Plurilateral and its own trade agreements. 2. Providing a platform of negotiations between different member nations regarding their trade policies and agreements. It also assists them in implementing the decided policies. 3. Settling the disputes among the member nations. The nature of such disputes is generally trade-policy based where the WTO serves as an arbiter between the conflicting nations. 4. Facilitating and training the weaker members in order to create a balance in the global economy. For achieving the desired goal, WTO co-operates with World Bank and International Monitory Fund. 5. Monitoring the trade policies that have been implemented and to make possible the aspect of transparency in these policies. China in the contemporary world: It was about two hundred years ago that China was he ruling power of global economy. After years of a sleeping giant, China has rapidly raised its status in the global community in the wake of the last decade. This aggrandizing significance is specially marked in the growing performance of the country in terms of its annual economic performance. This is clear by analyzing the performance of China’s ship building industry. Considered as a poor quality manufacturer around 1980s, it has grown into a ‘bona fide’ world industry today. As a result of this boom in the economy, millions of Chinese previously living at the bottom line of poverty enjoy better standards of life today. For the very reason World Bank believes that â€Å"China achieved the fastest doubling of economic output ever from 1978 to 1987, far outpacing both early industrializers (e. g. , United Kingdom, United States, and Japan) and late industrializers (e. g. , Brazil, South Korea, and Taiwan) alike. It then repeated the feat from 1987–1996† and looks like continuing the same pace in the future to come. To restate, as a result of globalizing process China has doubled the per capita income for three times after 1978. Of the over all augmenting profits, China’s major gains also lie in its textile industry. Reviewing China’s consistent rise for the past many years, many analysts proscribe China most likely to supplant the position of the U. S. by becoming the most powerful economy of the world around 2050 as the former has already caught the high brow of the world. While talking to China Daily, Long Yongtu, Chinas former WTO chief negotiator said, â€Å"Because Chinas economy is more open, and Chinas economic size is much bigger, the world is more sensitive to whats happening in China. I think in that way China is really changing the world.

A,merican Colonies Essay -- essays research papers

The Early American colonies We have been one nation for so long that it is hard to imagine a major difference between the thirteen original colonies. After all a quick glance at a map of these thirteen original colonies will tell you that they all where established along the East Coast and where most generally located on a river or body of water. What is strange about this is just how different each of these separate areas of settlement turned out to be. After all they where located relatively close to one another and should have had adequate communication available to them by the numerous water channels close at hand. So why was there such a huge difference in the way that they developed? The two most contrasting of these would have to be the Puritans and other religious groups that chose to settle in the New England region, and the colonies founded for profit in the Chesapeake Bay region. If you look closely at these two concentrations of people you will see that they have great differences in their religion, government, family, economics and the very geography that they where established in. These differences coupled with a very different reason for journeying to the New World helped to form two very unique cultures that exist to some extent today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the major differences between the colonies of the Chesapeake Bay region and the New England colonies is in their view on religion. The very reason that the Pilgrims journeyed to this new land was to escape religious persecution and set up a haven for people of their faith. In contrast the colonies of the Chesapeake Bay region where established by people who where looking for fame and fortune rather than spiritual enlightenment. This fundamental difference is one of the major reasons that these colonies developed so differently. People in the New England colonies generally knew their neighbors because they worked and prayed with them. In a Chesapeake region so dependent on the cash crop of tobacco, plantations served to separate the people and slow the process of socialization. Although church attendance was required in both the New England colonies and some of the Chesapeake Bay colonies it was enforced for much different reasons. The New England colonists where very concerned with education and spirituality while generally those colonists in the Chesapeake Bay colony whe... ...used natural resources at this time, the difference is that the colonists in the New England colonies took the greatest advantage of this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While there are undoubtedly a number of similarities between the Chesapeake Bay colonies and the New England colonies their original purposes for being here set them on different paths from the moment that they set foot in the New World. It should also be said that not only the people’s disposition has an affect on the direction of the society, you must also take into account the geography of the region. The differences between the Chesapeake colonies and the New England colonies are numerous and varied. However if all of the colonies established in the new world had the same culture it is far less likely that our ancestors would have been as successful in their bid to change the way civilization operates. They accomplished this with the American Revolution, which relied heavily on different characteristics from each of the thirteen colonies and has been more than successful in blending the very different values and beliefs of the Chesapeake Bay colonies an d the New England colonies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Book Report for Maniac Magee

Zachary Roderiques Book Report on Maniac Magee Which of Maniac’s activities do you think are impossible? Why? Which do you think are possible but not probable? I don’t think any of Maniac’s activities are impossible because he is capable of learning how to do every single one of them. I think the one activity that may be possible but not probable is the tying of Cobble’s Corners knot, because over many decades no one else could ever accomplish this feat. Would you like a friend like Maniac? Why or why not? No, I would not like a friend like Maniac because he would be better than me at everything and I don’t think I would feel like I was good at anything if I hung around him. Another reason is because all of the friends he had in the story were only his friends for a short amount of time. He always seemed to leave his friends behind and I would not like it if left me behind. Do you think maniac is a good nickname for Jeffery? Why or why not? Would you like that nickname? Why or why not? I think Maniac is a good nickname for Jeffery because he can do almost anything and everything he does cannot be done by others. I would not like that nickname because I would not want to be known for doing everything like a maniac. I also think that everyone thinks a maniac is a crazy person, so I would not want people thinking I was crazy! In which of Maniac’s homes would you most like to live? Why? Least? Why? n what ways can people be considered to be members of a minority group? People can be considered members of a minority based on the colorof their skin, their ethnic background, the religion they practice, their income, their gender, how old or young they are, if they are handicapped, their marriage status, their education level, and their sexual preference.

Frankenstein Rejection Essay

In the novel of Frankenstein, there are several prominent themes. The main theme however is rejection. Rejection is not singled out on just the relationship of Victor and the Monster. Yes, Victor does reject the Monster but that is not all. Society as a whole rejects the Monster. Also, in a sense, the De Lacy family was/is rejected by society as well. In a situation like the one in Frankenstein, rejection is easiest when it comes to defiance in society. Victor longed to create life. In that, he took it upon himself to experiment with dead people in older to accomplish it. However the insanity caused by the obsession made him reject the Monster. â€Å"The different accidents of life are not so changeable as the feelings of human nature† (pg. 42). This is a prime example- case in point. Human nature is to reject the unusual. Victor’s obsession with science and creation is the basis for his hatred. Society rejects the Monster based on his looks. Honestly, if an eight foot, stitched creature came up to you what would you do? You’d reject it. The people of the village rejected the Monster when he was looking for shelter, protection. They judge him on a look basis and it links to society rejecting the unusual and ‘ugly’. Society sets an unbreakable standard for individuals to follow in order to be accepted. Those who defer from the stand are shunned for being different. Felix DeLacy was only trying to correct a societal wrong in freeing Safie’s father. Humans, as a whole, enjoy seeing pain inflicted onto others. This makes complete sense because when it comes to public executions masses are gathered and cheering. â€Å"The government of France was greatly enraged and punish † (pg. 106). Society accepted the DeLacy’s because they had money. Once Felix reached out to help another and the DeLacy’s lost their money and social status, society rejected them. Society wants nothing to do with the poor. Society wants nothing to do with the poor, the kind hearted or the ‘unique’. Rejection is the main theme of this novel. The whole novel demonstrates the theme of rejection. Victor’s obsession with creating life is the major component leading to his rejection of the Monster. Society rejecting the Monster when they don’t take time to understand what they don’t know or understand. And you cannot forget society rejecting the poor. This is the perfect example of rejection in society. Society doesn’t enjoy what they do not like or understand so the easiest thing to do is reject the defiance.

SMOKING KILLS essays

SMOKING KILLS essays Smoking is bad for your body and your overall health. There are many side affects that can hurt and even kill your body. It also can harm your lungs and make it hard for you to breathe. When you look at the statistics I dont understand why people do smoke. Cigarette smoking is the most important preventable cause of premature death in the United States. It accounts for about 430,700 of the more than 2 million annual deaths. Cigarette manufacturers spend millions of dollars every year to convince you and your children that smoking will make you exciting, athletic, important, sophisticated, and sexually attractive. They carefully avoid mentioning the intense addictive qualities of nicotine and the well-documented, serious health risks involved. Quitting smoking is the best preventive medicine: Experts estimate that stopping smoking is about 10 times more cost-effective at saving lives than even the best medical screening tests. The benefits are enormous. Your heart, lungs, and blood vessels have an amazing capacity to heal themselves when given the chance. When you stop smoking, your body starts repairing itself almost immediately. And with proper nutrition and activity, you can usually regain normal lung and heart functioning within a few years, regardless of how long you've been smoking. The risk of heart attack, stroke, and cancer starts dropping immediately. Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals, including 43 known cancer-causing (carcinogenic) compounds and 400 other toxins. These include nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. Most of the chemicals inhaled in cigarette smoke stay in the lungs. The more you inhale, the better it feels-and the greater the damage to your lungs. As a cigarette is smoked, the amount of tar inhaled into the lungs increases, and the last puff contains more than twice as much tar as the first puff. Carbon monoxi ...

Were in the Pink

Were in the Pink Were in the Pink Were in the Pink By Maeve Maddox Look up the word pink in the Merriam-Webster Online Unabridged Dictionary, and youll find 13 entries for the single word, and 175 two-word entries in which one of the words is pink. An impressive legacy for a word that entered the language in 1573 as the name of a plant and not a color. The plant known as a pink has the Latin name dianthus. About 300 species of dianthus exist. The carnation belongs to this family. No one is quite certain as to how dianthus plants came to be called pinks. Its thought that the name derives from the jagged edges of the flower that look as if theyve been pinked. As a verb, pink has been in English since 1307 with the sense of pierce, stab, make holes in. Its from this verb that pinking shears get their name. pinking shears scissors with a saw-toothed inner edge. Theyre used to cut fabric in order to create a zig zag edge that wont ravel. Although dianthus flowers can be other shades, pink must have been the most familiar to have given us the word we now use to mean pale red. Pink-colored, i.e. colored like a pink, is recorded in 1681. Pink as an adjective of color, meaning pale rose color, is recorded in 1733. NOTE: The practice of adding colored to words that already signifiy a specific color is a solecism that seems to be gaining ground. For example, it makes perfect sense to speak of a Pepto-Bismol-colored house. It is absurd to speak of red-colored area on a map. The area is red. It is a red area. The word pinkie, as in pinkie finger, derives neither from the word for the color, nor from the word meaning to pierce. Apparently it comes from the Dutch diminutive pinkje. Dutch pink means little. Pinkie entered Scots dialect in the early 1800s with the meaning little finger. Scots speakers use pink to mean a small gleam of light, as in the expression the pink of the evening, i.e.,late afternoon, early evening. Another use of pink without the color sense is the term fox hunters use for the red coats some of them wear. These hunting coats, although bright red, are called pinks. One explanation is that the first ones were created by a tailor called Pinque. No evidence exists to support this example of folk etymology. A more believable reason to call the red coats pinks has to do with the expression to be in the pink. Nowadays, to be in the pink, usually means to be in top physical condition, but in Shakespeares time, pink meant something like epitome or pinnacle of perfection. The dianthus was much admired by Queen Elizabeth I and her courtiers. They may have considered it to be the perfect flower, beautiful to look at and delightful to smell. When Mercutio (Romeo and Juliet, 1597), says I am the very pinke of curtesie, he means that he is is not just courteous, but a model of courtesy. Thackeray (1811-1863), uses the expresssion in the very pink of the mode to mean at the very height of fashion. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) called an Italian town hed visited the very pink of hideousness and squalid misery. The appearance of a rider in the signature red hunting coat is very dashing, almost as dazzling as a U.S. Marine in full dress uniform. Its quite possible that such a rider in his scarlet coat was said to be in the pink of fashion and the expression dwindled to the noun pink for such a coat. Here are some other expressions that have evolved from the word pink with its meaning of pale red. pink-eye the common name for an inflammation of the membrane of the inner eyelid. Its extremely contagious. Some animals also suffer from it. The term was first recorded in 1882. pinko a term of political contempt and mistrust applied to persons who hold liberal views regarding government and economics. Red is a color associated with revolution. Presumably pinkos are not quite as extreme as communists, who are often called reds. The term pinko entered the language in 1936, but the the word pink was used as early as 1837 to describe people whose views have a tendency toward red. to see pink elephants to experience delirium tremens (or hallucinate) because of over-consumption of alcohol. Jack London used this expression in a story in 1913. pink slip discharge notice. When the word was coined, employers often informed employees that theyd been terminated by placing a notice written on a pink sheet of paper in their final pay envelope. First recorded use 1915. pink collar blue collar job has long been understood to mean a job requiring work clothes as opposed to a white-collar job performed by office workers. In 1977 someone introduced the expression pink collar to refer to jobs held by women. Understandably and deservedly, it didnt catch on. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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Upper and Lower Class Neighborhoods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Upper and Lower Class Neighborhoods - Essay Example This gap has contributed to the several social classes that exist in the present communities. Affluent neighborhoods have several differences and similarities from the lower class neighborhoods (Cubbin et.al, 2008). The difference between the upper class neighborhoods and the lower class result due to better facilities, resources, and services. Because of these differences, the gap between the two keeps widening. The upper class lives in secure neighborhoods, and has access to the best facilities and public services. On the contrary, the lower class lacks access to basic public services. The upper class neighborhoods have a markedly high access to recreational areas and parks. The people inhabiting these regions live in luxurious houses and in close proximity are all sorts of recreational places. There are sporting fields and clubs, gymnasiums, saunas, swimming pools and clubs in upper class regions. For example, golf clubs exist in rich suburbs and golf fans are affluent people. In addition, the rich enjoy frequent visits to parks and gardens and get an opportunity to relax and focus on nature and themselves. On the other hand, the lower class lacks access to such luxurious recreational facilities and parks. These are not available in their neighborhoods and even if they were, it would be too costly to access them. Their income does not allow them to stretch to these recreational facilities. Recreational facilities available in the lower class neighborhoods are small, overcrowded and do not meet the standards of the rich. There exists a concern on the huge differenc e between the school programs in the upper class regions and the lower class neighborhoods. Children born to the affluent enjoy an inclusive and all round education system. In their neighborhoods, schools offer the best as long as their parents can pay. In the upper class neighborhoods, the expected teacher student ratios exist. The school program is usually more accommodating and students receive considerable attention from their teachers. Integrated into the system are recreational subjects that diversify the options available to the affluent students. These schools have the capacity and resources required to nurture the young minds to become reliable independent individuals. These students enjoy quality education. On the other hand, school programs in the lower class regions do not meet the international education standards. There are too many students and fewer teachers. These schools lack adequate facilities that would enable the children to have access to quality education. Ch ildren sent to these schools have to struggle to excel. In the upper class neighborhoods, children have access to equipped local and international libraries. These libraries expose the children to a broad variety of reading materials. Children in these regions can do their research without much strain. On the other hand, it is saddening to realize that children in the lower class neighborhoods lack access to reading material. There are fewer libraries, which apparently do meet quality standards, and the reading material available is not diverse to address the varying needs of the students. In affluent neighborhoods, there are luxurious and classy restaurants where the rich have access to exotic, modern, and traditional dishes and a wide variety of drinks. In these restaurants, prices of food and drinks only favor the rich. These restaurants practice the most current code

Loyalty Programmes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Loyalty Programmes - Assignment Example This dissertation aims to understand how loyalty programmes are designed and if they have been of value to the hotel and restaurant business. It is also acknowledged that the idea of "gift coupons" and "rewards" is losing its meaning in the mind of consumers because it has become such a common offering. Therefore, whether a loyalty programmes continues to really help business in driving its profits remains to be examined and will be the focus of this dissertation. The aim of this dissertation is to find out whether the implementation of loyalty programmes succeed or fail in the hotel and restaurant business and identify ways to design loyalty programmes that will succeed. It is said that 80% of sales is derived through 20% of customers (Lake, 2006). This has led to a plethora of customer-focused programmes created with the help of customer relationship management tools, to increase company profitability (Brown, 2000; Kalakota and Robinson, 1999; Peppers and Rogers, 1997). Such initiatives, aim to achieve customer retention through the use of loyalty programmes. The motive behind loyalty programmes is to establish customer loyalty by rewarding a certain frequency of repeat purchase by customers. As pointed by Uncles et al (2002): "Loyalty programs are schemes offering delayed, accumulating economic benefits to consumers who buy the brand. Usually this takes the form of points that can be exchanged for gifts, free product, or aspirational rewards such as air miles. Airline frequent-flier programs have been a prototype for many of the schemes" (p.28).However, there is no consensus on the definition of loyalty exhibited by consumers (Jacoby and Chestnut, 1978; Dick and Basu, 1994; Oliver, 1999). While some claim that satisfaction is an indicator of loyalty, others debate this point. Reichheld (1994) points out that despite being "satisfied" or "very satisfied" many customers still defect. In the UK, Oglivy Loyalty Centre found out that 85 % of its automotive customers claimed to be satisfied but only 40 % made a repeat purchase, and 66 % of packaged goods customers who identified a favourite brand actually ended up buying "another brand" in the recent past (McKenzie, 1995). Gremler and Brown (1999) point out that Federal Express, Pizza Hut franchises, and Cadillac dealerships have been able to forecast the sales from loyal customers with more certainty. Research on loyalty programmes in the hospitality industry is limited. Oh's (2000), work in this field, highlights that the concept of customer value is crucial for the hospitality industry. His study explains how perception of value by customers impacts pre and post dining decisions. According to National

Environmental Problems In Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Problems In Latin America - Essay Example In this context, this region witnessed some social movements which demanded for national control over the natural resources. Every country of this region is facing more or less same type of environmental issues. For example, in Argentina soil erosion is a major environmental issue which is emerging due to inadequate flood control and improper land use practices. Irrigated soil degradation, use of pesticides and fertilizers are making river polluted, desertification, water pollution in urban areas, air pollution are some other environmental issues in Argentina. Similarly other countries of the Latin American region are also facing such problems like Bolivia is struggling with deforestation problem which is arising due to increasing demand for agricultural land and international demand for tropical timber. In addition to this, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion due to poor cultivation method and overgrazing, water pollution due to industrial waste, desertification. Latin American count ries like Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguayan, and Venezuela are reported more or less same problems which includes danger over the existence of a multitude of plants and animal species indigenous to the Amazon Basin area and vehicle emission. Thus, air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, desertification, soil erosion are some of the common environmental issues of this region (Diaz and West 2005). Water problem in Latin America World’s 13% water resources are in Latin America and Caribbean. However, these water resources are distributed in inequitable manner throughout this region. In addition to this, parts like Southern Chile, Mexico and Northeastern Brazil are facing sever water shortage problem. Many areas are classified as semi-arid or... Similarly, other countries of the Latin American region are also facing such problems like Bolivia is struggling with deforestation problem which is rising due to increasing demand for agricultural land and international demand for tropical timber. In addition to this, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion due to poor cultivation method and overgrazing, water pollution due to industrial waste, desertification. Latin American countries like Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguayan, and Venezuela have reported more or less same problems which include danger over the existence of a multitude of plants and animal species indigenous to the Amazon Basin area and vehicle emission. Thus, air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, desertification, soil erosion are some of the common environmental issues of this region (DÃ ­az and West 2005).World’s 13% water resources are in Latin America and Caribbean. However, these water resources are distributed in an i nequitable manner throughout this region. In addition to this, parts of Southern Chile, Mexico, and Northeastern Brazil are facing severe water shortage problem. Many areas are classified as semi-arid or hyper-arid. Though there is sufficient water fall in the region yet water is unclean hence cannot be used for drinking. Along with this, industrial waste and other environmental pollutants are contaminating water resources. Such situations are creating circumstances of the water war between countries and even in the same countries.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay This essay aims to provide a comprehensive account of the gastrointestinal disorder, Irritable Bowel Syndrome. The aetiology, pathology, and prognosis of the disorder will be described, along with details pertaining to its epidemiology. The diagnosis and management of the disorder will be described, followed by a discussion of the health implications experienced by patients and the economic costs of the disorder. Conclusions will be made based on the information and evidence discussed throughout the essay. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), also known as spastic colon, nervous diarrhoea, and functional bowel, is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders worldwide (NICE, 2008). It is a chronic, functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract which is characterised by symptoms of abdominal pain or discomfort of the lower abdomen, bloating, and disordered defecation (Silk, 2003). This latter symptom can manifest in four different forms (Allison, 2002): constipation predominant; diarrhoea predominant; alternating between constipation and diarrhoea; or, non-extreme. Furthermore, although symptoms are predominantly gastrointestinal, other symptoms can include back ache, nausea, heartburn, lethargy, urinary problems, faintness, palpitations, and loss of appetite (Fortson and Lee, 2004). Symptoms are usually worse after eating and most people experience flare-ups lasting between 2-4 days. Indeed, a key characteristic of IBS is a cycle of relapse and remission (Silk, 2003). Worldwide, IBS affects an estimated 10-20% of the population at any one time, although the figure may be higher because not everyone seeks help for the condition (Hungin et al. 2003; Hungin et al., 2005). IBS can affect both genders of all ages, although it is twice as common in females (Voci and Cramer, 2009). It can occur at any age, but typically develops in individuals who are 20-30 years old (Wangen, 2006). Incidence tends to reduce with age (Wilson et al., 2004). Furthermore, more women report constipation predominant IBS, while more men report diarrhoea predominant IBS (Heitkemper and Jarrett, 2001). Women also tend to report a worsening of symptoms during menstruation, suggesting a hormonal link with IBS (Moore et al., 1998). Despite there being no clear aetiology for IBS, there is a general consensus that it is a multifactorial disorder of a biopsychosocial nature (Allison, 2002). Possible factors involved in its development include an abnormality with how the muscles move food through the digestive tract, pain-sensitive digestive organs, a malfunctioning immune system, a problem between the central nervous system and the digestive system, or an abnormal response to infection. Environmental, dietary, and genetic factors that are as yet known are also suspected to play a role in the aetiology of IBS. Diagnosis A diagnosis of IBS can be made using the Rome III criteria of red flag symptoms (Paterson et al., 1999). According to these criteria, an individual is diagnosed with IBS if they have experienced, for at least 6-months, any of the following symptoms: abdominal pain or discomfort; bloating; or, change in bowel habit. In addition, the individual has to present with abdominal pain or discomfort that is relieved by defecation or associated with changes in bowel frequency or stool formation, and have at least two of the following: altered stool evacuation (i.e. straining, urgency, incomplete evacuation); abdominal bloating (i.e. distension, tension, or hardness); symptoms made worse by eating; mucus from the rectum. Reported lethargy, nausea, backache and bladder symptoms are also indicators that might inform a diagnosis of IBS. Furthermore, there are a number of tests that are carried out to exclude other diagnoses. These include a full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate or plasm a viscosity (screening test), c-reactive protein (found in blood), and, antibody testing for coeliac disease (RCN, 2008). The red flag symptoms that require the individual to be referred to secondary care for further investigation include unintentional and unexplained weight loss, rectal bleeding, and, a family history of bowel or ovarian cancer (NICE, 2008). In people aged 60-years or over, a change in bowel habit lasting more than 6-weeks with looser and/or more frequent stools also acts a red flag. Other indicators for referral include anaemia, abdominal or rectal masses, and inflammatory markers for inflammatory bowel disease (NICE, 2008). Treatment There is no cure for IBS, but it can be managed and controlled through lifestyle changes and medicine. NICE provide clinical guidelines on the management of IBS in primary care, which were developed through input from the National Collaborating Centre for Nursing and Supportive Care (NCC-NSC). These guidelines include the provision of general lifestyle advice, particularly in terms of dietary and physical activity advice (NICE, 2008). The treatment and management of IBS is largely focused on providing individuals with the information required to self-manage their condition through diet, physical activity, and medication for specific symptoms. Dietary advice includes having regular meals, taking time to eat, drinking at least eight cups of water daily, and restricting consumption of tea, coffee, alcohol, fizzy drinks, high-fibre foods, resistant starch (i.e. whole grains, legumes, seeds), and fresh fruit. Individuals with diarrhoea are advised to avoid sorbitol, which is an artificial sweetener found in sugar-free sweets and drinks. Individuals with wind and bloating, on the other hand, are advised to increase intake of oats and linseeds. If diet is assessed as being a key factor in the IBS symptoms, the individual is referred to a dietician for single food avoidance and exclusion diets. In terms of physical activity, individuals who score low in physical activity on the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ) are provided with brief advice and counselling aimed at increasing their activity. The importance of physical activity in the management of IBS cannot be underestimated. Indeed, a study conducted in Sweden demonstrated that even a minimal increase in physical activity can improve symptoms of IBS (n=102) (Johannesson et al., 2011). First-line pharmacological treatment is dependent on the primary symptoms reported by the individual. For example, there is support for the provision of antispasmodic agents such as hyoscine or peppermint oil to control symptoms of abdominal pain and spasms (Ford, 2008). Laxatives are an option for constipation, whilst loperamide is the recommended first choice of antimobility agent for diarrhoea (NICE, 2008). Second-line pharmacological treatment includes the consideration of tricyclic antidepressants for mood and analgesic (pain relieving) effect if first-line treatments do not work (Bell, 2004). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered if tricyclic antidepressants do not work. However, due to the potential side-effects of these second-line medications, follow-up after 4-weeks and then every 6-12 months is advised (NICE, 2008). Psychological Implications If individuals with IBS do not respond to second-line pharmacological treatments after 12-months, referral for psychological support such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), hypnotherapy, or psychotherapy requires consideration (NICE, 2008). Indeed, although it is not a life-threatening condition, IBS can result in a great deal of psychological distress. One study found that half of the patients attending IBS clinics presented with a diagnosable psychiatric disorder (Silk, 2003). Anxiety and depression have been reported in people with IBS and stress and major life events have been found to often precede the onset of bowel symptoms (Silk, 2003). Strong associations have been found between IBS and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD), with this comorbidity adding to social impairments (Lee et al., 2009). There is also a higher prevalence of childhood physical and sexual abuse among individuals diagnosed with IBS, further indicating the potential efficacy of providing psychological s upport (Allison, 2002). The psychological impact of IBS is likely to result from that fact that it can be extremely debilitating and can severely impact quality of life (Heitkemper and Jarrett, 2001). Activities of daily living can be detrimentally impacted and individuals with IBS often experience lethargy and fatigue, which can limit physical activity and social life (Jones et al., 2000). Bertram et al. (2001), who conducted focus groups with people diagnosed with IBS, found that the condition resulted in high levels of frustration and social isolation. There was also an inconsistency in how individuals with IBS perceived their illness and how they felt others perceived their illness. In particular, there was frustration with a lack of understanding from family, friends, and colleagues in terms of the severity and unpredictability of the illness. Many participants also felt that health care professionals did not take the illness seriously. There is some evidence, however, to suggest that health profession als attitudes towards IBS are changing. In a study conducted by Nunn (2003), the majority of nurses disagreed with a statement suggesting that patients with IBS were demanding and lazy. Nevertheless, the stigma surrounding IBS can result in individuals with IBS not accessing the support they need. When combined with the general lack of effective treatments for IBS, people often try to treat themselves. It has been estimated that 50% of people with IBS use complementary and alternative medicine (Hussain and Quigley, 2006). The NICE (2008) guidelines on the use of complementary and alternative medicine, however, recommend against encouraging their use, especially acupuncture and reflexology. Economic Implications Evidence suggests that disease relapse and remission accounts for 36-50% of all gastrointestinal consultations, although many patients do not seek help and often attempt to self-treat (Gunn et al., 2003; Parker, 2004). IBS has a significant impact on healthcare resources in both primary and secondary care (Ringstrom et al., 2007). It also contributes to both direct and indirect costs. Evidence suggests that disease relapse and remission accounts for 36-50% of all gastrointestinal consultations, although many patients do not seek help and often attempt to self-treat (Gunn et al., 2003; Parker, 2004). IBS can lead to increased absenteeism at work and higher rates of health care utilisation, making it a public health problem (Talley, 2008). In a systematic review of the economic cost of IBS in the UK and US, total direct cost estimates per patient per year ranged from $348-8750 ( £211.79-5325.25) (calculated for year 2002) (Maxion-Bergemann, Thielecke, and Bergemann, 2006). The average number of days off work per year because of IBS was between 8.5 and 21.6; indirect costs ranged from $355-3344 ( £216.25-2037.04). Of note, however, is that the total costs and cost components of IBS were influenced by factors such as the demographic of the patient group and study variables, such as design and databases used. Further research is needed on the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic procedures and  treatments for IBS in order to help define strategies to help IBS patients improve their quality of life and, in turn, reduce related healthcare and economic costs. Conclusion This essay has outlined the aetiology and epidemiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, which is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. IBS is a chronic disorder that cannot be cured, but requires self-management through lifestyle, pharmacological treatments, and psychological support. The direct and indirect costs of the condition are vast due to the relapsing and remitting nature of the symptoms. Due to there being no clear cause for IBS, stigma still exists regarding its seriousness, which can prevent people seeking medical support. In order to reduce the direct and indirect costs of this common, quality of life depleting illness, healthcare professionals need to take it seriously and assist patients in the long-term management of the physically and psychologically limiting symptoms.

Comparing Gothic Romanticism in The Fall of the House of Usher and Lige

Gothic Romanticism in The Fall of the House of Usher and Ligeia The Gothic style found in the majority of Edgar Allen Poe’s short stories is obvious to the average reader. The grotesque, the desolate, the horrible, the mysterious, the ghostly, and, ultimately, the intense fear are all the primary aspects of the stories which are emphasized. But few writers remain uninfluenced from their contemporaries and Poe is no exception. He is clearly a product of his time, which in terms of literature, is called the Romantic era. Poe combines these two threads in almost all of his stories. For this reason critics often call Poe’s style â€Å"Gothic Romanticism.† The two stories â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"Ligeia† are very similar to Poe’s other short stories, in that they to have this thread of Gothic Romanticism. The Gothic and Romantic themes can be analyzed separately in each of these two stories but together these themes drive the plot and the ultimate success of each. One common characteristic of Romanticism is the importance of the intuitive and emotional and the rejection of the rational and intellectual. Such is the case in â€Å"Usher.† Those who are skeptical of Poe’s Romantic influences would use this aspect of Romanticism to claim that he is not a Romantic because throughout the story the narrator attempts to explain the unexplainable with the rational. An example of this is when the narrator attributes an â€Å"iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart† merely to the â€Å"combination of very natural objects which have the power of thus affecting us† (Poe, â€Å"Usher†). This argument is week because the narrator fails miserably to provide solid rational explanations for these â€Å"strange† events and f... ...ic thread seek to further Poe’s overall goal of terror. Either they develop the character in such a way that would increase the gloomy, mysterious, and supernatural mood of the stories, establish the mood through the setting, or help to further this mood in some other way. The combination of the Romantic thread in these two stories is no different. Poe uses various aspects of Romanticism, such as obscurity and the emphasis of emotion and intuition to increase the terror felt by the reader. But perhaps, the most important aspect of Romanticism is one which is also common in the Gothic tradition is the emphasis on one effect. In the Gothic tradition this single effect is that of terror. â€Å"Ligeia† and â€Å"Usher† are no different in that Poe establishes this terror through the use of his own style of Gothic Romanticism. 2177 1 Marlow Engl. 12 Sect. 37 Comparing Gothic Romanticism in The Fall of the House of Usher and Lige Gothic Romanticism in The Fall of the House of Usher and Ligeia The Gothic style found in the majority of Edgar Allen Poe’s short stories is obvious to the average reader. The grotesque, the desolate, the horrible, the mysterious, the ghostly, and, ultimately, the intense fear are all the primary aspects of the stories which are emphasized. But few writers remain uninfluenced from their contemporaries and Poe is no exception. He is clearly a product of his time, which in terms of literature, is called the Romantic era. Poe combines these two threads in almost all of his stories. For this reason critics often call Poe’s style â€Å"Gothic Romanticism.† The two stories â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"Ligeia† are very similar to Poe’s other short stories, in that they to have this thread of Gothic Romanticism. The Gothic and Romantic themes can be analyzed separately in each of these two stories but together these themes drive the plot and the ultimate success of each. One common characteristic of Romanticism is the importance of the intuitive and emotional and the rejection of the rational and intellectual. Such is the case in â€Å"Usher.† Those who are skeptical of Poe’s Romantic influences would use this aspect of Romanticism to claim that he is not a Romantic because throughout the story the narrator attempts to explain the unexplainable with the rational. An example of this is when the narrator attributes an â€Å"iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart† merely to the â€Å"combination of very natural objects which have the power of thus affecting us† (Poe, â€Å"Usher†). This argument is week because the narrator fails miserably to provide solid rational explanations for these â€Å"strange† events and f... ...ic thread seek to further Poe’s overall goal of terror. Either they develop the character in such a way that would increase the gloomy, mysterious, and supernatural mood of the stories, establish the mood through the setting, or help to further this mood in some other way. The combination of the Romantic thread in these two stories is no different. Poe uses various aspects of Romanticism, such as obscurity and the emphasis of emotion and intuition to increase the terror felt by the reader. But perhaps, the most important aspect of Romanticism is one which is also common in the Gothic tradition is the emphasis on one effect. In the Gothic tradition this single effect is that of terror. â€Å"Ligeia† and â€Å"Usher† are no different in that Poe establishes this terror through the use of his own style of Gothic Romanticism. 2177 1 Marlow Engl. 12 Sect. 37